Australia+-+The+People+Note+and+Questions

Australia: The First People Aboriginals: Who are they? Indigenous Australians, or Australian Aborigines, are native people of Australia. They used weapons like BLANK to kill animals for food. Many suffered when white people from Britain arrived in Australia, because of BLANK, and the loss of their BLANK. History First people of Australia were nomadic people who came to Australia from southeast Asia. Happened about BLANK years ago. When British came to Australia in 1788, they called these native people “BLANK”, meaning people who had lived there since the earliest times. They travelled through the bush, hunting with spears and boomerangs (BLANK) and searching for food such as plants, grubs, and insects, and hunting for animals. They had few possessions and made everything they needed. This way of life does not change or harm the fragile environment of Australia. The well-being of the land, and its plants and animals are vital and sacred to the aboriginal people. Stolen Generations The BLANK (also known as BLANK) were the children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent who were removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments. The removals occurred in the period between approximately BLANK,although in some places children were still being taken until the 1970s. Today there are about BLANK Aborigines in Australia. Most live in cities, but a few thousand still try to follow a traditional way of life. Aborigines have a unique way of traveling around, they use songs passed from generation to generation. Dreamtime <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Aboriginal Australians believe that they have animal, plant, and human ancestors who created the world and everything in it. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">This process of creation is called BLANK. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">There are many songs and stories about Dreamtime, which generations of aboriginal people have passed down to their children. Say someone dies they get a new life as a plant or another person <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Didgeridoo <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The BLANK is an Australian Aboriginal wind musical instrument <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Used by the Yolgnu people of Arnhem Land <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Usually played sitting down as they can be quite long, anywhere from BLANK (3 to 10 ft) long. Most are around 1.2 m (4 ft) long <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It is difficult to know when didgeridoos were first used. Studies of rock art in Arnhem Land show that it has been in use for more than BLANK years. A rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng, on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau, dates from the freshwater period. It shows a didgeridoo player and two singers playing in a ceremony. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Urban Life <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Most aboriginal Australian live in cities and towns. Some have benefitted from government education and aid programmes and have careers as teachers, doctors and lawyers. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Many, though, are poor and isolated from white society. They have lost touch with traditional aboriginal tribal ways, and because they do not fit neatly into white Australian society, they cannot share its benefits. However, they revive interest in the BLANK. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Land Claims <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">When British people came to live in Australia, they decided that the land was empty, that nobody "BLANK" the land, in the way Europeans defined that word. This was called "Terra nullius", Latin words for "BLANK".Under British law, all land belongs to the king,who is then able to sell it to other people. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In 1976, the Australian government agreed that aboriginal people have rights to the land where their tribes were originally located and gained the BLANK. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">On 3 June, 1992, the High Court of Australia said that the idea of "Terra nullius" was wrong, and the government brought in new laws, to set up Native Title. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">If aborigines can prove they have always used particular land, it has not been sold, or changed by government acts, then the land could be claimed as aboriginal land. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Flag <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Australian Aboriginal Flag is a flag that represents Indigenous Australians. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">One of the official "Flags of Australia", and holds special legal and political status, but it is not the "BLANK". <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Flag was originally designed for the land rights movement, and it became a symbol of the Aboriginal people of Australia. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The symbolic meaning of the flag colours (as stated by Harold Thomas) is: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">BLANK: Represents the Aboriginal people of Australia <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">BLANK: Represents the red earth, the red ochre and a spiritual relation to the land <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">BLANK: Represents the Sun, the giver of life and protector <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Case Study: Uluru Kata Tjuta National Park <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">History <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Anangu people believe that Uluru, and the rest of Central Australia, was formed by BLANK. The Anangu are directly descended from these ancestors. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Modern science shows that they have lived around Uluru for more than BLANK years. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">They continued to live their traditional life until the 1930s. This was a nomadic life, moving around to hunt and gather food according to the seasons. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">They have a complex ceremonial life based around Uluru. They are one of the oldest human societies on earth. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The first Europeans to see Uluru were explorers led by William Christie Gosse. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He saw Uluru on 19 July 1873 and named it Ayers Rock after Sir Henry Ayers, who was Chief Secretary of South Australia. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The land was too dry and remote for farming, and very few people came to Uluru until the mid 20th century. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Tourism -Uluru Base Walk <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">BLANK, 3.5 hrs, dry weather wheelchair access <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Used to be able to climb to the top, but stopped at Aborigines request. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Uluru <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Uluru, also called BLANK, is a name given to a huge rock near Alice Springs in the Australian Outback. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">This is a holy place for Australian aborigines. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It is in the BLANK, in the middle of Australia <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It was listed as a BLANK in 1987 because of its geology. In 1997 it was again listed as a World Heritage site, this time because of its importance to the Anangu people. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"> It was the second place in the world to be listed as culturally significant, and it is one of the few places in the world to have two listings. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Kata Tjuta <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Kata Tjuta, sometimes written Tjuṯa (Kata Joota), and also known as BLANK, is a group of large rock formations in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located about 365 km (227 mi) southwest of Alice Springs. Kata Tjuta and Uluru, 25 km (16 mi) to the east, make up the two focus points of the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The rock is a sedimentary rock made up of clusters of different types of rock (including granite and basalt), covered in sandstone. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">There are BLANK domes covering an area of 21.68 km2 (8.37 sq mi). <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The highest point, Mount Olga, is 1,066 m (3,497 ft) above sea level. It is about 546 m (1,791 ft) above the ground around it. It is about 198 m (650 ft) higher than Uluru.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Aboriginals: Who Are They?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Indigenous Australians, or Australian Aborigines, are native people of Australia. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">They used weapons like boomerangs to kill animals for food. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Many suffered when white people from Britain arrived in Australia, because of disease, and the loss of their hunting lands.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">History: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">First people of Australia were nomadic people who came to Australia from southeast Asia. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Happened about 40,000 and 60,000 years ago. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">When British came to Australia in 1788, they called these native people “aboriginals”, meaning people who had lived there since the earliest times. They travelled through the bush, hunting with spears and boomerangs (throwing sticks) and searching for food such as plants, grubs, and insects, and hunting for animals. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">They had few possessions and made everything they needed. This way of life does not change or harm the fragile environment of Australia. The well-being of the land, and its plants and animals are vital and sacred to the aboriginal people.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Stolen Generations: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Stolen Generations (also known as Stolen children) were the children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent who were removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The removals occurred in the period between approximately 1909 and 1969, although in some places children were still being taken until the 1970s. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Today there are about 517,000 Aborigines in Australia. Most live in cities, but a few thousand still try to follow a traditional way of life. Aborigines have a unique way of traveling around, they use songs passed from generation to generation.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Boomerangs <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">As well as the curved returning boomerang, aboriginal Australians use a straight, non-returning boomerang as a weapon for fighting and for hunting animals such as kangaroos.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Culture: Art and Story Telling: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Aboriginal art is mostly about dreamtime and is made as part of the ceremonies celebrating Dreamtime. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Paintings of the people, spirits, and animals of Dreamtime cover sacred cliffs and rocks in tribal territories. Some of the pictures are made in red and yellow ochre and white clay, others have been carved into the rocks. Many are thousands of years old.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Dreamtime: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Aboriginal Australians believe that they have animal, plant, and human ancestors who created the world and everything in it. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">This process of creation is called Dreamtime. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">There are many songs and stories about Dreamtime, which generations of aboriginal people have passed down to their children. Say someone dies they get a new life as a plant or another person

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Didgeridoo <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The didgeridoo is an Australian Aboriginal wind musical instrument <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">used by the Yolgnu people of Arnhem Land <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">usually played sitting down as they can be quite long, anywhere from 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long. Most are around 1.2 m (4 ft) long <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The longer the instrument, the lower the pitch or key of the instrument. They are a hollow wooden tube, which can be either cylindrical or conical in shape. It is best described as being a wooden trumpet or drone. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It is difficult to know when didgeridoos were first used. Studies of rock art in Arnhem Land show that it has been in use for more than 1,500 years. A rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng, on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau, dates from the freshwater period. It shows a didgeridoo player and two singers playing in a ceremony.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Urban Life <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Most aboriginal Australian live in cities and towns. Some have benefitted from government education and aid programmes and have careers as teachers, doctors and lawyers. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Many, though, are poor and isolated from white society. They have lost touch with traditional aboriginal tribal ways, and because they do not fit neatly into white Australian society, they cannot share its benefits. However, they revive interest in the tribal cultural of their ancestors.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Land Claims <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">When British people came to live in Australia, they decided that the land was empty, that nobody "owned" the land, in the way Europeans defined that word. This was called "Terra nullius", Latin words for "empty land". Under British law, all land belongs to the king, who is then able to sell it to other people. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In 1976, the Australian government agreed that aboriginal people have rights to the land where their tribes were originally located and gained the right to use the land. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">On 3 June, 1992, the High Court of Australia said that the idea of "Terra nullius" was wrong, and the government brought in new laws, to set up Native Title. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">If aborigines can prove they have always used particular land, it has not been sold, or changed by government acts, then the land could be claimed as aboriginal land.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Flag <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Australian Aboriginal Flag is a flag that represents Indigenous Australians. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">One of the official "Flags of Australia", and holds special legal and political status, but it is not the "Australian National Flag". <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Flag was originally designed for the land rights movement, and it became a symbol of the Aboriginal people of Australia. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The symbolic meaning of the flag colours (as stated by Harold Thomas) is: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Black: Represents the Aboriginal people of Australia <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Red: Represents the red earth, the red ochre and a spiritual relation to the land <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Yellow: Represents the Sun, the giver of life and protector

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">History <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Anangu people believe that Uluru, and the rest of Central Australia, was formed by ancestral beings at the beginning of time. The Anangu are directly descended from these ancestors. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Modern science shows that they have lived around Uluru for more than 40,000 years. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">They continued to live their traditional life until the 1930s. This was a nomadic life, moving around to hunt and gather food according to the seasons. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">They have a complex ceremonial life based around Uluru. They are one of the oldest human societies on earth. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The first Europeans to see Uluru were explorers led by William Christie Gosse. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He saw Uluru on 19 July 1873 and named it Ayers Rock after Sir Henry Ayers, who was Chief Secretary of South Australia. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The land was too dry and remote for farming, and very few people came to Uluru until the mid 20th century.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Tourism <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Uluru Base Walk <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">10.6 km loop, 3.5 hrs, dry weather wheelchair access <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Used to be able to climb to the top, but stopped at Aborigines request.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Uluru <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Uluru, also called Ayers Rock, is a name given to a huge rock near Alice Springs in the Australian Outback. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">This is a holy place for Australian aborigines. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It is in the Western Desert, in the middle of Australia. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It was listed as a World Heritage site in 1987 because of its geology. In 1997 it was again listed as a World Heritage site, this time because of its importance to the Anangu people. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It was the second place in the world to be listed as culturally significant, and it is one of the few places in the world to have two listings. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Kata Tjuta, sometimes written Tjuṯa (Kata Joota), and also known as Mount Olga or The Olgas, is a group of large rock formations in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located about 365 km (227 mi) southwest of Alice Springs. Kata Tjuta and Uluru, 25 km (16 mi) to the east, make up the two focus points of the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The rock is a sedimentary rock made up of clusters of different types of rock (including granite and basalt), covered in sandstone. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">There are 36 domes covering an area of 21.68 km2 (8.37 sq mi). <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The highest point, Mount Olga, is 1,066 m (3,497 ft) above sea level. It is about 546 m (1,791 ft) above the ground around it. It is about 198 m (650 ft) higher than Uluru.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">